Furthermore, the fast increasing population with traditional farming practices and tools led the farmers to expand agricultural farmland to the delicate ecological system thereby risking to the fabric of their own livelihood through desertification of the environment. (, University of Pennsylvania Press (for International Food Policy Research Institute), The role of remote sensing in land degradation assessments: Opportunities and challenges, Newly emerging insect pests and diseases as a challenge for growth and development of Ethiopia: The case of Western Oromiya. More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. Desertification 3. For instance, waterlogging is highly problematic in Vertisols of the highlands while salinity is in lowland areas of the country (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Furthermore, it requires institutionalizing the policy of institutions, technologies, capacity building, infrastructure, and markets to mitigate the constraints of smallholders (Awulachew et al., 2007). Soil is a non-renewable or finite resource and is the bank of nutrients for plant growth. Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., 2008). The striking rise of womens responsibilities in agriculture and its intensifications are driven by farmland fragmentation affects the demand for male and female jobs and social norms around womens responsibilities (FAO, 2017). IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. On the other hand, the agricultural problems in the developed and developing countries like Ethiopia are not the same. Sharecropping contracts could minimize the land demand of over 95% temporarily, but could not secure the familys food demand since it limited through time. Aragie (2013) reported that Ethiopia has lost a cumulative level of over 13% of its current agricultural output between 1991 and 2008 followed by climate change. Ethiopia is a preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the unique climatic conditions it possesses. The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. Why poverty? It is also estimated that over 1.5 billion tons of soil per year are lost by erosion and flooding which could have added about 1.5 million tons of grains to the Ethiopian products (Lebeda et al., 2010). This does not work for all youth because it depends on the status of family farmland background. Ethiopia is relatively close to major export markets such as the Middle East and Europe, Djibouti and Somalia, and can benefit a lot from banana exports. International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. facilitating the commercialization of agriculture, supporting the development of large-scale commercial agriculture (where it is feasible). The lowlands are vulnerable to increased temperatures and prolonged droughts, while the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall. The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials. Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. Deforestation caused the destruction of carbon sinks and reduced agricultural productivity in a vicious circle. Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soil's physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. . MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources). The older farmers who own the farmland but are not motivated to use improved technologies are aging and the young generation whonot engaged in the farmland contributed to the reduction of production and productivity. The farming systems are facing constraints such as small land size, lack of resources, and increasing degradation of soil quality that hamper sustainable crop production and food security. What are the problems with agriculture in Ethiopia? Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture, 1 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dewa, Ethiopia, The role of climateforestagriculture interface in climate resilient green economy of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia, Landlessness, land access modalities and poverty in rural areas of Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia, Impacts of climate change on food security in Ethiopia: adaptation and mitigation options: A review, Rural population change in developing countries: Lessons for policy making, Climate change, growth, and poverty in Ethiopia, Recent changes in rainfall, temperature and number of rainy days over Northern Oromia zone, Horticultural crops research and development in Ethiopia: Review on current status, Effects of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods and responses: The case of Soro Woreda, Hadiya zone. Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and . In 2019, Ethiopias major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). The rate of deforestation has been increasing year after year with an . The logic behind the difficulty is that almost all of the arable land is occupied by farmers mostly during the Derge regime (1975 or before 4050years ago), except some of the youth who get small farm size from their parents as gifted or inherited. Land degradation impact index (GLADIS). improper handling and lack of packaging and refrigerated storage facilities are the major problems . The adverse impact of climate variability varies. These older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources (FAO, 2017). Having a natural resource itself, may not lead a country to success through increasing production and productivity unless used properly. Underlying causes of land degradation may include among others; migration, farmland shortages, and poverty which forces people to go into unsustainable land practices (Nkonya et al., 2011). Table 9. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., 2014; Taddese, 2001). These still indicated very little transformation in the utilization of technologies in production. Overcoming these challenges requires a greater commitment of the governments, nongovernment, and other international organizations to assurance the peoples basic needs and inspire the citizens to commercialize agriculture through improving infrastructures, provision of incentives, and export the agricultural commodities. Check out a sample Q&A here. on What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? This report also indicated that in the past three decades, 23% of the land area is degraded based on estimation using satellite imagery hotspots that could be translated to 54 USD billion, and the annual cost of land degradation associated with land use and change of cover is estimated to be about 4.3 USD billion. It is a basis for eradicating extreme poverty and reduces inequalities within region levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets, including land and building resilience to protracted crises, disasters, and conflicts by promoting inclusive and equitable development in the country. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. 1. For example, in 1913/14 (Northern Ethiopia), 1920/22, 1932/34, 1953, 1957/58, 1964/66, and 1973/74 (Tigray and Wolo), 19831984, 19871988, and 199092, 1993/94 (Wolde-Georgis, 1997) and recently in 2015/2016 (Eastern parts of Ethiopia followed by ElNio). Limited technology and education are perhaps the largest difficulties that smallholder farmers in Ethiopia struggle with. But these data are the landholding sizes rather than the landlessness or override them. This might be achieved through significant changes in government policies in the utilization of resources for sustainable development. In summary, the prospects require the institutional reforms and proclamations that primarily focus on investment in agricultural infrastructures, encouraging private agricultural sector investors, advanced agricultural technology adoptions to mention a few as a role that should be played by the Ethiopian government. Its agriculture sector, economy, and food security status are equally complex. The future focus of the Ethiopian government and people will be investing in infrastructure including the promotion of water development technologies, especially investing in irrigation that provides an opportunity to improve the productivity of land and labor (Bekele et al., 2007). UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. The main focus of this review is on Ethiopia's rural households' current food insecurity, including its causes, effects, and coping mechanisms. Ethiopia s agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. World Journal of Agricultural sciences 6(4):412-418. Causes of poverty in Ethiopia include a variety of actions stemming from natural disasters as well as man-made actions. Coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. The perception of Ethiopia projected in the media is often one of chronic poverty and hunger, but this bleak assessment does not accurately reflect most of the country today. Ethiopias population is growing into the 21st century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills. Ticks (species of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Boophilus decolaratus, Rhipicephelus evertsi, and Amblyomma variegatum), Tsetse Fly (Glossina pallidipes), Mange (Chorioptes bovis, and Sarcoptes), biting flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (stable Fly)) are vector-borne parasitic diseases of livestock and endoparasites such as helminths (nematodes: Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus (chaerbertia, oesophagostomum), Nematodirus, Bunostomum (hookworm), Toxocara vitulorum, cooperia, Dictyocaulus), estodes: moeniezia genus, cysticercus, Echinococcus granulosus), Trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantic) and Coccidia are directly constrained livestock production in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020; Welay et al., 2018; Ministry of Agriculture, 2014). Furthermore, low quality of education in terms of poor physical facilities, lack of well-trained teachers, and shortage of learning materials, exacerbate the problems of the educational system. Land degradation. What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. The rise in an average temperature exhibited a spatial and temporal variation over the country. In Ethiopia, more than 40% of the population is below the age of 15 (CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook, 2019; https://www.indexmundi.com). Annual maximum temperature variability by Agro Ecological Zones (AEZs) from 1979 to 2013years, Table 8. This information indicated that the irrigation practice of Ethiopia is young and inefficient to produce at its full capacity. UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). There are a number of weed species that are invasive, introduced, into Ethiopia at different times are including parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)); water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (C. (, Ethiopian seasonal rainfall variability and prediction using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), Recent experiences in land rental markets in Ethiopia: Impact on equity, efficiency and poverty, Land, land policy and smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia: Options and scenarios, Economics of land degradation and improvement in Ethiopia, The role of livestock in the Ethiopian2 Economy: Policy analysis using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model for Ethiopia. Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. Annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs (19792013). Vast grazing land and livestock resource (55-58%) of its total area. Following climate change, the small-scale, and landless farmers migrate to the urban to seek other employment opportunities, especially male members of rural households, which is leading, in turn, to the feminization of farming in many parts of the world (FAO, 2017). Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. Recently, the Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. The deteriorating situation of food security in Ethiopia is caused by population pressure, drought, shortage of farmland, lack of oxen, deterioration of food production capacity, outbreak of plant and animal disease, poor soil fertility, frost attack, shortage of cash income, poor farming technologies, weak extension . Working together to achieve food security is becoming a requirement in the current era. The segment of the farming population who does not get the chance to go to school for economic and landless reasonsbecomes jobless. In the coming decades, ensuring food security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges. UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? They are also not motivated in the utilization of the innovated or new agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools. There are also emerging arthropod pests that have either existed as innocuous organism or those insect pests that have been inadvertently introduced into the country in recent decades. Major destinations for Ethiopia's exports in 2017/2018 were: Asia 39.8% (of which China accounted for 22.3%), Europe 28.7% and Africa 20.9%. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . avoids the problem of heteroskedasticity and endogeneity, reduces the problem of multi . Ethiopia is a landlocked country split by the Great Rift Valley. Yet agriculture is the countrys most promising resource. Indian agriculture suffer from numerous problems that is small land holdings, unscientific method of farming, less irrigation facilities, greater veriability to pest and disease, poverty among farmers and lack of infrastructure facilities etc. Ethiopian Economic Association / Ethiopian . In Ethiopia, smallholder agriculture is vulnerable mainly to recurrent drought and human induced factors owing to population pressure. Table 1. A preliminary survey of major diseases of ruminants and management practices in Western Tigray province, northern Ethiopia, Ethiopian - Netherlands horticulture partnership, The use of El nino information as drought early warning in Ethiopia, Living planet report. Furthermore, these activities need to be digitalized in online platforms and improvements are required in the areas of artificial intelligence (AI) (DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs), 2018/19). Ethiopia 's industrial sectors classified into four basic groups: agriculture, food processing, construction, resources and energy and tourism. The cost is too expensive and sometimes lost half of the farmer's profit. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, 2020). In some places high salinity and sodicity/alkalinity levels coupled with poor drainage of the soils are at present resulting in quite a large area of productive lands being abandoned from cultivation. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity. In some parts, utilization of the water resources is hindered because of the undulating topography of the country. Majorly, it focused on the shortage of farmland, climate change, fragmentation and degradation of farmland, unevenly distributed constructions and urbanizations, pests, lack of integration among stakeholders, political instabilities, and its prospects. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, political turmoil, and degradation of natural resources are among the current problems facing the country. Crop and animal diseases such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes; insect pests, rodents, and birds are common problems in Ethiopia. ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency). For instance, foreign investment in Ethiopia . The physical potential for sharply increased agriculture is high but the obstacles for development are immense still, despite recent government attempts. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The countries of the world are interconnected and a problem of a country obviously becomes a problem of the others in the interconnected world at present than ever. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. If critical issues are not addressed the food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations which may lead to migration. The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. Organic materials such as organic manure and straw has been used for soil amelioration. Required fields are marked *. The present study showed that the . Soil erosion is an endogenous factor that happened during heavy rainfall and wind. The available external market in neighbouring countries provides an additional motive for developing the vegetable sector. This report also indicated that the Ethiopian government planned the development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020. Effects of climate variability on development of wheat rust diseases (Puccinia spp.) Some of the major environmental problems are as follows: 1. Globally, countries are interdependent on the path of sustainable development but challenged by achieving coherent, effective national and international governance with clear developmental objectives and commitments to achieve (UNDESA, 2008). In Ethiopia, the land is allocated to farmers by the state. In Ethiopia, the farmland is highly fragmented in the central northern parts than other parts (Figure 1). In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall variability by Agro-ecological zones from 1979 to 2013, Table 5. This report is agreed with the report of Boserup (1965), who indicated that farm sizes (at both the individual and community levels) are likely to be a key determinant of the demand for intensive technologies, such as plows, chemical fertilizers, high-yielding seeds, and improved natural resource management practices. (. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. See Solution. The author received no direct funding for this research. Ethiopias total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). Two of the most. The country misused these gifted natural resources in agricultural activities possibly mainly due to the political unrest characterized by the frequent war that weakened the economy rather than focused on development. Based on this background, the state farmland provision for the farmer is more than 3045years and on average the current landowner is above 4850years of age at a minimum level. What is Ethiopia weakness? Environmental issues such as water pollution (as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The disintegrated practices cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple channels. . Livestock population with estimated 30-35 million. These activities will reduce farm demand, political instability, tension, migration, and degradation of the existing arable land. A higher rise in temperature noted in drier areas of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia (Abebe & Arega, 2020). Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. Preface PART I: THE SETTING One-Introduction Two-Socio-Economic Characteristics PART II AGRICULTURE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION Three-Growth in Agricultural Output and Area Four-Land Tenure System Five- Agricultural Credit Six-Marketing Organisations Seven-Community Development Programme PART III :AGRICULTURE SINE THE REVOLUTION Eight-Agrarian Reform Implimentation of land Reform Appendix I Appendix . The future of Ethiopian agriculture is bright because of the fact that the country is gifted with a variable climate ranging from tropics (growing tropical crops like citrus fruits) to subtropics (growing crops like apples). (2020) also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security in particular. In 20182020years alone the locust caused high-yield losses in the rift valley, eastern, north-central, and northern parts of Ethiopia. This message, you are consenting to our use of cookies of northern Ethiopia unctad ( United Nations of... Resources for sustainable development as erratic rainfall in the utilization of the major problem of and. Water resources is hindered because of the country number of livestock heads modern agricultural tools are major problems of agriculture in ethiopia. The United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, population ). Production and productivity unless used properly Table 5 and other income-generating resources ( FAO, 2017 ) arable land disasters. Will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging.... 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